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When the Stakes are High, so too is the Bar of Procedural Fairness

When the Stakes are High, so too is the Bar of Procedural Fairness

In a previous contribution to this space (Pitting public safety vs. the welfare of “sentient beings”, December 9, 2016), I commented on the then controversial decision of the City of Montreal to introduce a city-wide ban on pit bulls. At the time, the Quebec Court of Appeal appeared to support the impugned legislation[1], at least at the provisional stage of proceedings which had attacked the by-law on multiple fronts. As I mentioned back in December 2016, the merits of the case offered an excellent opportunity to scrutinize the wisdom of breed specific legislation and to consider the legality of this type of broad, sweeping regulation, ostensibly enacted to protect the public interest.

But since then, voters in Montreal elected a new Mayor, and in December 2017 the Plante administration swiftly fulfilled an election promise by repealing the breed specific provisions of the City’s animal control by-law. The move pleased critics of the ban, who argue that these laws are not only discriminatory, penalizing all pit bulls regardless of their behavior, but also ineffective in preventing dog bite fatalities and injuries.

These laws also raise concerns about due process rights, something which featured peripherally in the initial challenge of the now defunct ban. The Superior Court recently had an opportunity to review these concerns in the context of a judicial review application that considered provisions of the previous by-law, albeit not those that specifically target pit bulls (Auclair v. Ville de Montréal, 2018 QCCS 3937).

In May 2017, a “professional” dog walker was earning her keep walking three black labs in a City of Montreal park, when suddenly the dogs attacked a passerby, biting him in the forearm and face. The victim had to be hospitalized to treat his injuries, and the dogs and their guardians were quickly subjected to the “controls” set out in the City’s Animal Control By-Law (16-660).

Specifically, the guardians were required to muzzle their dogs until further notice and informed that certain restrictions may be imposed on the dogs’ care and supervision, based on a behavioural evaluation to be performed by the City’s expert.

These evaluations were conducted in short order, and without any further notice or explanation – let alone even a copy of the evaluation report – , the dogs’ guardians were informed that their pets had been declared a danger to public security, and that they would have to be euthanized within 48 hours of their receipt of the notice. Importantly, none of the notices or communications sent to the dogs’ guardians explained that the evaluations might conclude that an order of euthanasia was warranted. Moreover, no mention was made of the opportunity to provide counter proof as to the behaviour of the dogs, let alone any submissions as to the guardians’ perspective or point of view on the matter.

Sounds a little harsh, no?

Within days of receiving these death sentences, the guardians were knocking at the doors of the Superior Court, seeking to set aside the decision of the City’s canine patrol. A stay of the order to euthanize was granted, and a hearing on the merits was held in June 2018.

On September 10, 2018, Justice Stéphane Sansfaçon rendered judgment on the matter, granting the guardians’ application, quashing the decision to euthanize the dogs and ordering that the applicants be given the opportunity to present evidence and make representations as to the characterization and ultimate fate of their dogs. In short, the process established under the City’s Animal Control By-Law simply did not pass muster.

After summarizing the relevant provisions of the by-law, Justice Sansfaçon quickly identified that which was missing from the legislation:

[30]  Le Règlement ne prévoit pas que le gardien d’un animal puisse faire quelque représentation que ce soit dans le cadre de l’évaluation de son animal ou à tout autre moment préalable à la prise de la décision par l’autorité compétente sur le sort de l’animal. Le Règlement ne prévoit pas non plus de mécanisme d’appel une fois la décision prise par l’autorité compétente. En d’autres mots, la Ville procède et décide sans que le maître du chien n’ait mot à dire et sans qu’il puisse faire falloir (sic.) de faits ou d’arguments susceptibles d’être considérés par le décideur.

Fundamentally, the Court concluded that the by-law patently offended the principle of audi alteram partem, something which is that much more elementary when the stakes are high:

[37]  Toutefois, jamais il n’a été dit aux demandeurs qu’une des avenues possibles des démarches entreprises par la Ville était l’euthanasie de leurs chiens. Les propos de l’auteur Patrice Garant sont éclairants pour comprendre la réelle portée d’un tel manquement, qui constitue en soi une contravention à la règle audi alteram partem :

Le droit élémentaire que confère à l’administré la règle audi alteram partem est celui de connaître non seulement qu’une décision sera prise, mais encore l’objet de cette décision et les raisons qui poussent le tribunal à la prendre et, le cas échéant, les griefs qu’on peut avoir contre lui. De nombreux arrêts ne cessent de réaffirmer ce droit.

[38]  Jamais non plus le résultat de l’examen des chiens fait par l’experte en comportement canin Mme Kilsdonk ne leur a été communiqué avant que la décision de M. Poisson ne soit rendue.

[39]  Mais plus important encore, jamais, avant que la décision ne soit prise, M. Poisson ou toute autre personne de la Ville n’a offert aux demandeurs la possibilité de formuler leur point de vue ou de s’exprimer, non pas sur l’attaque elle-même (à l’égard de laquelle tous ont eu le loisir de le faire), mais au sujet de la déclaration éventuelle qu’il s’agirait là de « chiens dangereux » plutôt que de « chiens à risque », et au sujet de l’ordonnance de les euthanasier plutôt que d’être soumis à l’obligation de se procurer un permis spécial de garde d’un tel chien et de se conformer aux conditions particulières de garde d’un tel chien prévues au Règlement. L’euthanasie des chiens a ici été décrétée après que la Ville ait obtenu une évaluation comportementale des chiens. Cet ordre ne reposait donc pas uniquement sur les faits spécifiques de l’attaque du 3 mai 2017, mais plus généralement sur les caractéristiques globales des chiens, d’où la pertinence de permettre à leur maître de faire valoir leurs prétentions.

Justice Sansfaçon therefore concluded that:

[41]  En l’espèce, puisque le Règlement ne prévoyait pas d’étape lors de laquelle le maître de l’animal aurait l’occasion de faire valoir ses prétentions, il appartenait au décideur le lui laisser la possibilité de le faire avant qu’il ne prenne sa décision. Il ne s’agit pas ici de tenir une audition contradictoire lors de laquelle des témoins sont présentés et contre-interrogés. Il suffit que le citoyen ait l’opportunité de réellement faire valoir sa position et ses arguments. (…)

[42]  Cela dit, ce manquement, bien qu’important, aurait pu être sans conséquence si le Règlement avait prévu un droit d’appel ou de révision de sa décision lors duquel les demandeurs auraient eu la possibilité de présenter leurs éléments de preuve et faire leurs représentations, mais le Règlement ne prévoyait ici aucun tel droit, la décision étant finale et sans appel.

In my view, this decision aptly sets the bar high given the stakes involved. After all, it may just be “a dog’s life”, but surely it still deserves the standard of procedural fairness.

Gandhi would be pleased.

________________________________________________

[1] Montréal (Ville de) v. Lours 2016 QCCA 1931

 

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